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SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - PRECESSION OF EQUINOX
DECEMBER 9, 2006
THE LIBRARY OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III
THE SOPHIA OF ALLTHE SOPHIA
OF WISDOMS
AKA
CAROLINE E. KENNEDY
RE: THE PRECESSION OF THE EQUINOX - 26,0000 YEARS
The precession of the equinoxes refers to the precession of Earth's axis of rotation with respect to inertial space. Hipparchus
discovered that the positions of the equinoxes move westward along the ecliptic compared to the fixed stars on the celestial
sphere. The exact dates of his life are not known, but astronomical observations attributed to him date from 147 BC to 127
BC and were described in his publications. He is considered the greatest astronomical observer, and perhaps, the greatest
overall astronomer of antiquity.
Currently, this annual motion is about 50.3 seconds of arc per year or 1 degree every 71.6 years. The process is slow,
but cumulative. A complete precession cycle covers a period of approximately 25,765 years, the so called great Platonic year,
during which time the equinox regresses over a full 360°. Precessional movement also is the determining factor in the length
of an Astrological Age.
Changing Pole Stars
Precession of Earth's axis around the north ecliptical pole
Precession of Earth's axis around the south ecliptical pole
A consequence of the precession is a changing pole star. Currently Polaris is extremely well-suited to mark the position of the north celestial pole, as it is about a half degree away from it and
it is a moderately bright star (visual magnitude is 2.1 (variable)).
On the other hand Thuban in the constellation Draco, which was the pole star in 3000 BC is much less conspicious at magnitude
3.67 (one-fifth as bright as Polaris); today it is all but invisible in light-polluted urban skies.
The brilliant Vega in the constellation Lyra is often touted as the best Northstar, when it fulfilled that role around
12000 BC and will do so again around the year AD 14000.
In reality it never comes closer than 5° to the pole.
When Polaris will be the north star again around 27800 AD, due to its proper motion it will be farther away from the pole
then than it is now, while in 23600 BC it came closer to the pole.
To find the south celestial pole in the sky at this moment, one is less lucky, as that area is a particularly bland portion
of the sky, and the nominal south pole star is Sigma Octantis, which with magnitude 5.5 is barely visible even under a properly
dark sky. However that will change in the 80th to 90th century, when the south celestial pole travels through the False cross.
It is also seen from the starmap that the south pole, nicely pointed to by the Southern cross for the last 2000 years or so, is moving towards that constellation. By consequence it is now no longer visible
from subtropical northern latitudes as it was in the time of the ancient Greeks.
Still pictures like these, found in many astronomy books, are only first approximations as they do not take into account
the variable speed of the precession, the variable obliquity of the ecliptic, the planetary precession (which makes not the
ecliptic pole the centre, but a circle about 6° away from it) and the proper motions of the stars.
Polar Shift and Equinoxes Shift
Precessional movement as seen from 'outside' the celestial sphere.
The rotation axis of the Earth describes over a period of about 25800 years a small circle (blue) among the stars, centred
around the ecliptic northpole (blue E) and with an angular radius of about 23.4°: the angle known as the obliquity of the
ecliptic. The orange axis was the Earth's rotation axis 5000 years ago when it pointed to the star Thuban. The yellow axis,
pointing to Polaris is the situation now. Note that when the celestial sphere is seen from outside constellations appear in
mirror image. Also note that the daily rotation of the Earth around its axis is opposite to the precessional rotation. When
the polar axis precesses from one direction to another, then the equatorial plane of the Earth (indicated with the circular
grid around the equator) and the associated celestial equator will move too. Where the celestial equator intersects the ecliptic
(red line) there are the equinoxes. As seen from the drawing, the orange grid, 5000 years ago one intersection of equator
and ecliptic, the vernal equinox was close to the star Aldebaran of Taurus. By now (the yellow grid) it has shifted (red arrow)
to somewhere in the constellation of Pisces. Note that this is an astronomical description of the precessional movement and
the vernal equinox position in a given constellation may not imply the astrological meaning of an Age carrying the same name,
as they (ages and constellations) only have an exact alignment in the "first point of Aries", meaning once in each ca. 25800
(Great Sidereal Year).
Same picture as above but now from (near) Earth perspective
It might not be directly clear to the non-astronomer what the shift of the equinoxes has to do with the precession of the
rotation axis of the Earth. The figures to the right try to explain that.
The rotation axis of the Earth describes over a period of 25700 years a small circle (blue) among the stars, centred around
the ecliptic northpole (blue E) and with an angular radius of about 23.4°: the angle known as the obliquity of the ecliptic.
The orange axis was the Earth's rotation axis 5000 years ago when it pointed to the star Thuban. The yellow axis, pointing
to Polaris is the situation now. Note that when the celestial sphere is seen from outside (as in the first drawing, an impossibilty
of course) constellations appear in mirror image. Also note that the daily rotation of the Earth around its axis is opposite
to the precessional rotation.
Of course when the polar axis precesses from one direction to another, then the equatorial plane of the Earth (indicated
with the circular grid around the equator) and the associated celestial equator will move too. Where the celestial equator
intersects the ecliptic (red line) there are the equinoxes. As seen from the drawing, the orange grid, 5000 years ago one
intersection of equator and ecliptic, the vernal equinox was close to the star Aldebaran of Taurus. By now (the yellow grid)
it has shifted (red arrow) to somewhere in the constellation of Pisces.
This is why the equinoctial shift is a consequence of the precession of the rotation axis of the Earth and the other way
around. The second drawing shows the perspective from a near Earth position as seen through a very wide angle lens (from which
the apparent distortion).
Explanation
The precession as a consequence of the torque exerted on Earth by differential gravitation.
***NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THE EARTH WILL NOT MOVE AROUND THE SUN BUT IN FACT THE SUN WILL MOVE AROUND THE EARTH
BECAUSE OF MY TORQUE
I TOLD EVERYONE IF ALL MY POWERS WERE TAKEN AWAY ALL I NEED IS MY TORQUE POWER = PERPUTAL VIRGIN
I AM THE PRIME MERIDIAN 0o
THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE
GREETINGS UNIVERSE
FROM
SOPHIA OF WISDOM III
CAROLINE E. KENNEDY - CAROLINA KENNEDIA
The precession of the equinoxes is caused by the differential gravitation forces of Sun and Moon on Earth.
In popular science books one often finds this explained with the analogy of the precession of a spinning top. Indeed it
is the same physical effect, however, some crucial details differ. In a spinning top it is gravity which causes the top to
wobble which in its turn causes precession. The applied force is thus in the first instance parallel to the rotation axis.
But for the Earth the applied forces of the Sun and Moon are in the first instance perpendicular to it. So how then can they
cause it?
The answer is that the forces do not work on the rotation axis. Instead they work on the equatorial bulge; due to its own
rotation, the Earth is not a perfect sphere but an oblate spheroid, the equatorial diameter about 43 km larger than the polar.
If the Earth were a perfect sphere, there would be no precession.
The figure explains how this works. The Earth is given as a perfect sphere (so that all gravitational forces working on
it can be taken equal as one force working on its center), and the bulge is approximated to be a torus of mass (blue) around
its equator.
Green arrows indicate the gravitational forces from the Sun on some extreme points. These forces are not parallel as they
all point towards the centre of the Sun. Therefore the forces working on the northernmost and southernmost parts of the equatorial
bulge have a component perpendicular on the ecliptical plane and directed towards it.
We find them (small cyan arrows) when the average gravitation force on the centre of the Earth is substracted (because
this force will be used as the centripetal force for the Earth in its orbit around the Sun).
In all cases in addition to these tangential components there will be also radial components, but they are not shown as
they do not contribute to the precession (they contribute to the tides). It is now clear how these tangential forces create
a torque (orange), and this torque added to the rotation (magenta) shifts the rotation axis slightly to a new position (yellow).
Repeat this again and again, and one sees how the axis precesses along the white circle, which is centred around the ecliptic
pole.
It is important to note that the torque is always in the same direction, perpendicular onto the direction in which the
rotation axis is tilted away from the ecliptic pole, so that it does not change the axial tilt itself. It is also important
to note that the torque is everywhere the same, whatever position of the Earth is in its orbit around the Sun. The precession
is thus always steadily progressing and does not change with the seasons.
Although the above explanation involved the Sun, the same story holds true for any object moving around the Earth along
(or close to) the ecliptic, i.e. the Moon. The combined action of the Sun and the Moon is called the lunisolar precession.
In addition to the steady progressive motion (resulting in a full circle in 25700 years) the Sun and Moon also cause small
periodic variations, due to their changing positions. These oscillations, in both precessional speed and axial tilt are known
as the nutation.
****NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - NUTATION = THERE CAN ONLY BE ONE PERSON WHO DOES THE BALANCING AND IT IS THE PERSON
WHO CREATED THE UNIVERSE AND BIRTHED ALL THE PLANETS AND MADE THE CHRIST GRID FOR WHICH ALL OF LIFE DEPENDS ON
And the rosebuds know to bloom in early may
SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - SONGS - AS
SONGS OF AWAKENING SOPHIA OF WISDOM III
AS
BY
STEVIE WONDER
As around
the sun the earth knows shes revolving
And the rosebuds know to bloom in early may
Just as hate
knows loves the cure
You can rest your mind assure
That Ill be loving you always
As now cant reveal the mistery
of tomorrow
But in passing will grow older every day
Just as all is born is new
Do you know what I say is true
That Ill be loving you always
Until the rainbow burns the stars out in the sky
Always
Until the ocean
covers every mountain high
Always
Until the dolphin flies and parrots live at sea
Always
Until we dream of
life and life becomes a dream
Did you know that true love asks for nothing
Her acceptance is the way we pay
Did
you know that life has given love a guarantee
To last through forever and another day
Just as time knew to move
on since the beginning
And the seasons know exactly when to change
Just as kindness knows no shame
Know through
all your joy and pain
That Ill be loving you always
As today I know Im living but tomorrow
Could make me the
past but that I mustnt fear
For Ill know deep in my mind
The love of me Ive left behind
Cause Ill be loving you
always
Until the day is night and night becomes the day
Always
Until the trees and sea just up and fly away
Always
Until the day that 8x8x8 is 4
Always
Until the day that is the day that are no more
Did you know
youre loved by somebody?
Until the day the earth starts turning right to left
Always
Until the earth just for
the sun denies itself
Ill loving you forever
Until dear mother nature says her work is through
Always
Until
the day that you are me and I am you
Al~~~~~wa~~~~~~~~~aa~~~~~~~~~aa~~~
Until the rainbow burns the stars out in the
sky
~~~~~~~~~~aa~~~~~~~~~aa~~~~~~~~~aa~~~
Until the ocean covers every mountain high
~~~aa~~~~~~~~~aa~~~~~~~~~ys
We all know sometimes lifes hates and troubles
Can make you wish you were born in another time and space
But
you can bet your life times that and twice its double
That God knew exactly where he wanted you to be placed
So make
sure when you say youre in it but not of it
Youre not helping to make this earth a place sometimes called hell
Change
your words into truths and then change that truth into love
And maybe our childrens grandchildren
And their great-great
grandchildren will tell
Ill be loving you
Until the rainbow burns the stars out in the sky
Loving you
Until
the ocean covers every mountain high
Loving you
Until the dolphin flies and parrots live at sea
Loving you
Until
we dream of life and life becomes a dream
Be loving you
Until the day is night and night becomes the day
Loving
you
Until the trees and seas up, up and fly away
Loving you
Until the day that 8x8x8x8 is 4
Loving you
Until
the day that is the day that are no more
Loving you
Until the day the earth starts turning right to left
Be loving
you
Until the earth just for the sun denies itself
Loving you
Until dear mother nature says her work is through
Loving you
Until the day that you are me and I am you
Now aint that loving you
Until the rainbow burns the
stars out in the sky
Aint that loving you
Until the ocean covers every mountain high
And Ive got to say always
Until the dolphin flies and parrots live at sea
Al~~~~~~~~~wa~~~~~~~~~~~~ays
Until we dream of life and life becomes
a dream
Um al~~~~~~~~~wa~~~~~~~~~~~~ays
Until the day is night and night becomes the day
Al~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~wa~~~~~~~~~ays
Until the trees and sea just up and fly away
Al~~~~~wa~~~~~~~~~~aa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Until the day that 8x8x8
is 4
~~~~~~~~aa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~aa~~~~~~~~~~~~aa
Until the day that is the day that are no more
Aa~~~~~~~~~~~~aa~~~~aa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ays
Until the day the earth starts turning right to left
Al~~~~~~~~wa~~~~~~a~~~~~~~~~~~~aa
Until the earth just for
the sun denies itself
~~~~~~aa~~~~~~~~aa~~~~~~aa~~~~~~ays
Until dear mother nature says her work is through
Al~~~~ways
Until the day that you are me and I am you
Until the rainbow burns the stars out in the sky
Until the ocean
covers every mountain high
Until the dolphin flies and parrots live at sea
Until we dream of life and life becomes
a dream
Until the day is night and night becomes the day
Until the trees and sea just up and fly away
Until the
day that 8x8x8 is 4
Until the day that is the day that are no more
Until the day the earth starts turning right to
left
Until the earth just for the sun denies itself
Until dear mother nature says her work is through
Until the
day that you are me and I am you
The most important term has a period of 18.6 years and an amplitude of less than 20 arcseconds.
In addition to lunisolar precession, the actions of the other planets of the solar system cause the whole ecliptic to slowly
rotate around an axis which has an ecliptic longitude of about 174° measured on the instantaneous ecliptic. This planetary
precession shift is only 0.47 arcseconds per year (more than a hundred times smaller than lunisolar precession), and takes
place along the instantaneous equator.
The sum of the two precessions is known as the general precession.
Effects of axial precession on the seasons
This figure illustrates the effects of axial precession on the seasons, relative to perihelion and aphelion. The precession
of the equinoxes can cause periodic climate change (see Milankovitch cycles), because the hemisphere that experiences summer at perihelion and winter at aphelion (as the southern hemisphere does presently)
is in principle prone to more severe seasons than the opposite hemisphere.
Hipparchus estimated Earth's precession around 130 BC, adding his own observations to those of Babylonian and Chaldean astronomers in
the preceding centuries.
In particular they measured the distance of the stars like Spica to the Moon and Sun at the time of lunar eclipses, and
because he could compute the distance of the Moon and Sun from the equinox at these moments, he noticed that Spica and other
stars appeared to have moved over the centuries.
Precession causes the cycle of seasons (tropical year) to be about 20.4 minutes less than the period for the earth to return
to the same position with respect to the stars as one year previously (sidereal year). This results in a slow change (one day per 71 calendar years) in the position of the sun with respect to the stars at an
equinox. It is significant for calendars and their leap year rules.
Wikipedia
Age of Aquarius
We allegedly are in the Age of Aquarius. According to astrological mysticism, there will be unusual harmony and understanding in the world. Those who follow that
belief system see it as a turning point in human consciousness in which balance is restored by consciously moving beyond the
physical body.
The Age of Aquarius is the polar opposite of the Age of Leo - in the bipolar reality in which we experience the physical experiment of time and illusion through the consciousness projection
of the eye or All Seeing Eye.
 The Aquarius symbol is metaphoric in content - meaning 'closure in water'. Water represents the collective unconsciousness
that which creates the grid programs of our physical reality. Many connect the Age of Aquarius with the return of the goddess,
priestess, or feminine energies - those that vibrate above/faster than physical frequency. This is the return to higher consciousness,
the awakening of higher mind and thought in the alchemy of time. Ellie's Archives
ASTRONOMY INDEX
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The Heliocentric System
In a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies (that was published as Copernicus
lay on his deathbed), Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System. Such a model is
called a heliocentric system. The ordering of the planets known to Copernicus in this new system is illustrated in
the following figure, which we recognize as the modern ordering of those planets.
 |
| The Copernican Universe |
In this new ordering the Earth is just another planet (the third outward from the Sun), and the Moon
is in orbit around the Earth, not the Sun. The stars are distant objects that do not revolve around the Sun. Instead, the
Earth is assumed to rotate once in 24 hours, causing the stars to appear to revolve around
the Earth in the opposite direction.
***NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM - THIS IS WRONG THERE WERE TO BE ONLY 12
HOURS IN A DAY
Talmudic references
In the Talmud, the Leviathan is mentioned a number of times:
Avoda Zara (3b): "Rav Yehuda says, there are twelve hours
in a day. The first three hours God sits and learns the Torah, the second three hours he sits and judges the
world. The third three hours God feeds the entire world... the fourth three hour period God plays with the Leviathan as it
is written: "the Leviathan which you have created to play with"".[1]
SEE LINK FOR LEVIATHAN http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan
Retrograde Motion and Varying Brightness of the Planets
The Copernican system by banishing the idea that the Earth was the center of the Solar System, immediately
led to a simple explanation of both the varying brightness of the planets and retrograde motion:
- The planets in such a system naturally vary in brightness because they
are not always the same distance from the Earth.
***NOTES OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THE STARS WERE THE SAME DISTANCE FROM THE EARTH BUT SINCE
WE ARE ON THE BOTTOM OF THE BOX OR UNIVERSE (THANK YOU VERY MUCH SHARI BROBECK) NOW THE STARS ARE A DIFFERENT DISTANCE
- The retrograde motion could be explained in terms of geometry and a faster motion for planets with
smaller orbits, as illustrated in the following animation.
 |
| Retrograde motion in the Copernican System |
A similar construction can be made to illustrate retrograde motion
for a planet inside the orbit of the Earth.
Copernicus and the Need for Epicycles
There is a common misconception that the Copernican model did away with the need for epicycles. This
is not true, because Copernicus was able to rid himself of the long-held notion that the Earth was the center of the Solar
system, but he did not question the assumption of uniform circular motion.
***NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - ALL PLANETS ARE UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
NOT RETROGRADE MOTION
Thus, in the Copernican model the Sun was at the center, but the planets still executed uniform circular
motion about it. As we shall see later, the orbits of the planets are not circles, they are actually ellipses. As a consequence,
the Copernican model, with it assumption of uniform circular motion, still could not explain all the details of planetary
motion on the celestial sphere without epicycles. The difference was that the Copernican system required many fewer epicycles
****NOTES OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - EPICYCLES = NOT GOING IN A CIRCLE
than the Ptolemaic system because it moved the Sun to the center.
The Copernican Revolution
We noted earlier that 3 incorrect ideas held back the development of modern
astronomy from the time of Aristotle until the 16th and 17th centuries:
(1) the assumption that the Earth was the center of the Universe,
(2) the assumption of uniform circular motion in the heavens, and
(3) the assumption that objects in the heavens were made from a perfect,
unchanging substance not found on the Earth.
****NOTES OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - YES THESE ARE TRUE SO CONFIRMS MY SOURCES
Copernicus challenged assumption 1, but not assumption 2. We may also note that the Copernican model
implicitly questions the third tenet
****SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THIRD TENET MEANS 3 TIME CHECKED
that the objects in the sky were made of special unchanging stuff. Since the Earth is just
another planet, there will eventually be a natural progression to the idea that the planets are made from the same stuff that
we find on the Earth.
***NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THIS IS NOT TRUE
Copernicus was an unlikely revolutionary. It is believed by many that his book was only published at
the end of his life because he feared ridicule and disfavor: by his peers and by the Church, which had elevated the ideas
of Aristotle to the level of religious dogma. However, this reluctant revolutionary set in motion a chain of events that would
eventually (long after his lifetime) produce the greatest revolution in thinking that Western civilization has seen. His ideas
remained rather obscure for about 100 years after his death.
But, in the 17th century the work of Kepler, Galileo, and Newton would build on the heliocentric
Universe of Copernicus and produce the revolution that would sweep away completely the ideas of Aristotle and replace them
with the modern view of astronomy and natural science. This sequence is commonly called the Copernican Revolution.
***NOTES OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THIS REVOLUTION WAS SET OFF BY THE MOTHER'S OF DARKNESS
SO THE AGE OF GEMINI WOULD NOT HAPPEN DURING MY FINAL REIN
Been There, Done That: Aristarchus of Samos
The idea of Copernicus was not really new! A sun-centered Solar System had been proposed as early as about 200 B.C. by Aristarchus of Samos (Samos is an island off the coast of what is now Turkey). However, it did not survive long under the weight
of Aristotle's influence and "common sense":
- If the Earth actually spun on an axis (as required in a heliocentric system to explain the diurnal
motion of the sky), why didn't objects fly off the spinning Earth?
***NOTES OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THE EARTH IS ON IT'S AXIS AND IF IT WEREN'T THEN THINGS
WOULD FLY OFF
- If the Earth was in motion around the sun, why didn't it leave behind the birds flying in the air?
****NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - MY SOURCES TELL ME THAT BECAUSE OF THE GRID NOT BEENING
UP THERE IS NO WIND SO THE BIRDS CAN'T FLY BUT THEY CAN CHERP AND DROP DOWN FROM TREES AND HOP
- If the Earth were actually on an orbit around the sun, why wasn't a parallax effect observed? That
is, as illustrated in the adjacent figure, stars should appear to change their position with the respect to the other background stars as the Earth moved out of its orbit, because of viewing them from a different
perspective (just as viewing an object first with one eye, and then the other, causes the apparent position of the object
to change with respect to the background).
***NOTES OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - HERE IS THE PROOF OF THE EARTH BEENING ON THE UNIVERSE FLOOR
The first two objections were not valid because they represent an inadequate understanding of the
physics of motion that would only be corrected in the 17th century. The third objection is valid, but failed to account for
what we now know to be the enormous distances to the stars. As illustrated in the following figure, the amount of parallax
decreases with distance.
 |
| Parallax is larger for closer objects |
The parallax effect is there, but it is very small because the stars are so far away that their parallax
can only be observed with very precise instruments. Indeed, the parallax of stars was not measured conclusively until the
year 1838. Thus, the heliocentric idea of Aristarchus was quickly forgotten and Western thought stagnated for almost 2000 years as it waited for Copernicus to revive the heliocentric theory.
***NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THIS IS WHAT THE MOTHER'S OF DARKNESS DID TO MAKE SURE
IT WOULD NOT BE THE AGE OF GEMINI WHEN I MAKE MY APPEARANCE
SEE LINK FOR COPERNICAN
SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - WORKING 17 MONTHS A YEAR
***NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THESE MEN WILL RECEIVE KNIGHT & SAINT HOODS FOR
THEIR BRAVEARY
SEAL HAD CALCULACTED OUT THIS THEORY OF
WORKING 17 MONTHS A
YEAR
AND
WROTE A SONG
(WHEN I FIRST HEARD THIS SONG MY MERCURY BLOOD WENT COLD)
THANK YOU SEAL & APT MANAGER MIKE
FOR DOING AS I ASKED GLAD SOMEONE IS PAYING ATTENTION YOU HAVE SAVED COUNTLESS
LIVES BY TELLING ME SOME HOW SOME WAY
AND
THE MANAGER OF THIS APT COMPLEX ALSO TOLD ME HE CALCULATED
73 HOURS IN A DAY
Summary of Brahe's Contributions
Among the important contributions of Brahe:
- He made the most precise observations that had yet been made by devising the best instruments available
before the invention of the telescope.
- His observations of planetary motion, particularly that of Mars, provided the crucial data for later
astronomers like Kepler to construct our present model of the solar system.
- He made observations of a supernova (literally: nova= "new star")
in 1572 (we now know that a supernova is an exploding star, not a new star).
****NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - ALL PLANETS AND STARS WERE BIRTHED NOT EXPLODED INTO
EXISTANCE
SO NOW I HAVE TO KICK SOME ASS FOR THE PERSON WHO KEEPS ASKING ME TO OVER EXPLAIN THINGS
AFTER I MADE THEM THEY WERE CAREFULLY PLACED INTO ORBIT AND CIRCLED BY THE MOTHER AND THE FATHER
= VENUS AND PLUTO
- This was a "star" that appeared suddenly where none had been seen before, and was visible
for about 18 months before fading from view. Since this clearly represented a change in the sky, prevailing opinion held that
the supernova was not really a star but some local phenomenon in the atmosphere (remember: the heavens were supposed to be
unchanging in the Aristotelian view). Brahe's meticulous observations showed that the supernova did not change positions
with respect to the other stars (no parallax). Therefore, it was a real star, not a local object. This was early evidence
against the immutable nature of the heavens, although Brahe did not interpret the absence of parallax for stars correctly,
as we discuss below.
- Brahe made careful observations of a comet in 1577. By measuring the parallax for the comet, he was
able to show that the comet was further away than the Moon. This contradicted the teachings of Aristotle, who had held that
comets were atmospheric phenomena ("gases burning in the atmosphere" was a common explanation among Aristotelians). As for
the case of the supernova, comets represented an obvious change in a celestial sphere that was supposed to be unchanging;
furthermore, it was very difficult to ascribe uniform circular motion to a comet.
- He made the best measurements that had yet been made in the search for stellar parallax. Upon finding
no parallax for the stars, he (correctly) concluded that either
- the earth was motionless at the center of the Universe, or
- the stars were so far away that their parallax was too small to measure.
Not for the only time in human thought, a great thinker formulated a pivotal question correctly, but
then made the wrong choice of possible answers: Brahe did not believe that the stars could possibly be so far away
and so concluded that the Earth was the center of the Universe and that Copernicus
was wrong.
****NOTES OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - YES BRAHE WAS RIGHT THE EARTH IS THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE
AND I AM THE PRIME MERIDIAN 0o
BUT DUE TO THE MOTHER'S OF DARKNESS THEY DESTROYED ALL THE PLANETS WITH THE ELECTRIC GRID THAT
YOU FELT RUMMBLING ALL THE TIME IT JUST STOPPED JULY 25, 2008 8:15PM
THEY MADE A NEW GRID THAT THEY CAN'T GET RID OF BECAUSE IT DOESN'T WORK AND I CAN'T SET UP
MY GRID YET I JUST FOUND OUT 7/27/2008
WE ARE SITTING ON THE BOTTOM OF THE UNIVERSE
I KNOW I HAVE BEEN ABLE TO START UP THE GRID 10 TIMES IN ONE NIGHT AND YOU CAN FEEL LIKE YOU
ARE GOING UP LIKE IN AN ELEVATOR
I DON'T LIKE THE TONE I AM HEARING EVERY TIME I WRITE SOMETHING IT SOUNDS LIKE SHARI BROBECK
- Brahe proposed a model of the Solar System that was intermediate between the Ptolemaic and Copernican
models (it had the Earth at the center). It proved to be incorrect, but was the most widely accepted model of the Solar System
for a time.
Thus, Brahe's ideas about his data were not always correct, but the quality of the observations themselves
was central to the development of modern astronomy.
Some References
SEE LINK FOR BRAHE
Kepler's second law is illustrated in the preceding figure. The line joining the Sun and planet
sweeps out equal areas in equal times, so the planet moves faster when it is nearer the Sun. Thus, a planet executes elliptical
motion with constantly changing angular speed as it moves about its orbit. The point of nearest approach of the planet to
the Sun is termed perihelion; the point of greatest separation is termed aphelion. Hence, by Kepler's second
law, the planet moves fastest when it is near perihelion and slowest when it is near aphelion.
Kepler's Third Law:
| III. The ratio of the squares of the revolutionary periods for
two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their semimajor axes: |
 |
In this equation P represents the period of revolution for a planet and R represents the length
of its semimajor axis. The subscripts "1" and "2" distinguish quantities for planet 1 and 2 respectively. The periods for
the two planets are assumed to be in the same time units and the lengths of the semimajor axes for the two planets are assumed
to be in the same distance units.
Kepler's Third Law implies that the period for a planet to orbit the Sun increases rapidly with
the radius of its orbit. Thus, we find that Mercury, the innermost planet, takes only 88 days to orbit the Sun but the outermost
planet (Pluto) requires 248 years to do the same.
****NOTES OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THIS MEANS THAT MERCURY AND PLUTO ARE ON THE OPPOSITE SIDES
OF EARTH AND SHOULD TAKE THE SAME AMOUNT OF TIME TO ORBIT
AS OF 7/19/2008 PLUTO WAS BLOWN UP (BY THE MOTHER'S OF DARKNESS) AND THERE WERE NO MORE PLANETS
OR STARS BUT MY SON (MASTER OF THE UNIVERSE - JOHAN VANDERMEER KENNEDY, JR) AND HUSBAND (XENO - JOHN F. KENNEDY, JR) HID
WHAT WAS LEFT OF THE PLANETS AND HAVE PUT THESE 2 BACK AND BALANCE THEM EVERY NIGHT THIS WAS COMFIRMED BY MIKE MEYERS
WHO LOOKS EVERY NIGHT AND IS ALSO WORKING WITH ME ON THE ANGELS AND DEMONS MOVIE FOR EDITING PURPOSES
SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - ANGELS & DEMONS 2
LIBRARY OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III
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JUL 22 2008
RE: ANGELS & DEMONS = EVIDENCE FOR THE BOOK
SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - ANGELS & DEMONS 3
LIBRARY OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III
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RE: ANGELS & DEMONS = EVIDENCE FOR THE BOOK
SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - ANGELS & DEMONS 4
Xenon (pronounced /ˈzɛnɒn/[2] or /'ziːnɒn/[3]) is the chemical element that has the symbol Xe and atomic number 54. A colorless, heavy, odorless noble gas, xenon occurs in the earth's atmosphere in trace amounts.[4] Although generally unreactive, xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions such as the formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate, the first noble gas compound to be synthesized.[5][6][7]
Naturally occurring xenon consists of nine stable isotopes. There are also over 40 unstable isotopes that undergo radioactive decay. The isotope ratios of xenon are an important tool for studying the early history of the Solar System.[8] Xenon-135 is produced as a result of nuclear fission and acts as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.[9]
Xenon is used in flash lamps[10] and arc lamps,[11] and as a general anesthetic.[12] The first excimer laser design used a xenon dimer molecule (Xe2) as its lasing medium,[13] and the earliest laser designs used xenon flash lamps as pumps.[14] Xenon is also being used to search for hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles[15] and as the propellant for ion thrusters in spacecraft.[16]
History
Xenon was discovered in England by William Ramsay and Morris Travers on July 12, 1898, shortly after their discovery of the elements krypton and neon. They found it in the residue left over from evaporating components of liquid air.[17][18] Ramsay suggested the name xenon for this gas from the Greek word ξένον [xenon], neuter singular form of ξένος
[xenos], meaning 'foreign(er)', 'strange(r)', or 'guest'.[19][20] In 1902, Ramsay estimated the proportion of xenon in the Earth's atmosphere as one part in 20 million.[21]
During the 1930s, engineer Harold Edgerton began exploring strobe light technology for high speed photography. This led him to the invention of the xenon flash lamp, in which light is generated by sending a brief electrical current through a tube filled with
xenon gas. In 1934, Edgerton was able to generate flashes as brief as one microsecond with this method.[10][22][23]
In 1939 Albert R. Behnke Jr. began exploring the causes of "drunkenness" in deep-sea divers.
He tested the effects of varying the breathing mixtures on his subjects, and discovered that this caused the divers to perceive
a change in depth. From his results, he deduced that xenon gas could serve as an anesthetic. Although Lazharev, in Russia, apparently studied xenon anesthesia in 1941, the first published report confirming xenon anesthesia was in 1946 by J. H. Lawrence,
who experimented on mice. Xenon was first used as a surgical anesthetic in 1951 by Stuart C. Cullen, who successfully operated
on two patients.[24]
In 1960 physicist John H. Reynolds discovered that certain meteorites contained an isotopic anomaly in the form of an overabundance of xenon-129. He inferred that
this was a decay product of radioactive iodine-129. This isotope is produced slowly by cosmic ray spallation and nuclear fission, but is produced in quantity only in supernova explosions. As the half-life of 129I
is comparatively short on a cosmological time scale, only 16 million years, this demonstrated that only a short time had passed
between the supernova and the time the meteorites had solidified and trapped the 129I. These two events (supernova
and solidification of gas cloud) were inferred to have happened during the early history of the Solar System, as the 129I isotope was likely generated before the Solar System was formed, but
not long before, and seeded the solar gas cloud isotopes with isotopes from a second source. This supernova source may also
have caused collapse of the solar gas cloud. [25][26]
Xenon and the other noble gases were for a long time considered to be completely chemically
inert and not able to form compounds. However, while teaching at the University of British Columbia, Neil Bartlett discovered that the gas platinum hexafluoride (PtF6) was a powerful oxidizing agent that could oxidize oxygen gas (O2) to form dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate (O2+[PtF6]−).[27] Since O2 and xenon have almost the same first ionization potential, Bartlett realized that platinum hexafluoride might also be able to oxidize xenon. On March 23, 1962, he mixed the two gases and produced the first known compound of a noble gas, xenon hexafluoroplatinate.[28][7] Bartlett thought its composition to be Xe+[PtF6]−, although later work has revealed
that it was probably a mixture of various xenon-containing salts.[29][30][31] Since then, many other xenon compounds have been discovered,[32] and some compounds of the noble gases argon, krypton, and radon have been identified, including argon fluorohydride (HArF),[33] krypton difluoride (KrF2),[34][35] and radon fluoride.[36]
Occurrence
Xenon is a trace gas in Earth's atmosphere, occurring at 0.087±0.001 parts per million (μL/L),[37] and is also found in gases emitted from some mineral springs. Some radioactive species of xenon, for example, 133Xe and 135Xe, are produced
by neutron irradiation of fissionable material within nuclear reactors.[5]
Xenon is obtained commercially as a byproduct of the separation of air into oxygen and nitrogen. After this separation, generally performed by fractional distillation in a double-column plant, the liquid oxygen produced will contain small quantities of krypton and xenon. By additional fractional distillation
steps, the liquid oxygen may be enriched to contain 0.1–0.2% of a krypton/xenon mixture, which is extracted either via
adsorption onto silica gel or by distillation. Finally, the krypton/xenon mixture may be separated into krypton and xenon via distillation.[38][39] Extraction of a liter of xenon from the atmosphere requires 220 watt-hours of energy.[40] Worldwide production of xenon in 1998 was estimated at 5,000–7,000 m3.[41] Due to its low abundance, xenon is much more expensive than the lighter noble gases—approximate prices for the
purchase of small quantities in Europe in 1999 were 10 €/L for xenon, 1 €/L for krypton, and 0.20 €/L for neon.[41]
Xenon is relatively rare in the Sun's atmosphere, on Earth, and in asteroids and comets. The atmosphere of Mars shows a xenon abundance similar to that of Earth: 0.08 parts per million,[42] however Mars shows a higher proportion of 129Xe than the Earth or the Sun. As this isotope is generated
by radioactive decay, the result may indicate that Mars lost most of its primordial atmosphere, possibly within the first
100 million years after the planet was formed.[43][44] By contrast, the planet Jupiter has an unusually high abundance of xenon in its atmosphere; about 2.6 times as much as the Sun.[45] This high abundance remains unexplained and may have been caused by an early and rapid buildup of planetesimals—small, subplanetary bodies—before the presolar disk began to heat up.[46] (Otherwise, xenon would not have been trapped in the planetesimal ices.) Within the Solar System, the nucleon fraction for all isotopes of xenon is 1.56 × 10-8, or one part in 64 million
of the total mass.[47] The problem of the low terrestrial xenon may potentially be explained by covalent bonding of xenon to oxygen within quartz, hence reducing the outgassing of xenon into the atmosphere.[48]
Unlike the lower mass noble gases, the normal stellar nucleosynthesis process inside a star does not form xenon. Elements more massive than iron-56 have a net energy cost to produce through fusion, so there is no energy gain for a star to create
xenon.[49] Instead, many isotopes of xenon are formed during supernova explosions.[50]
SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - ANGELS & DEMONS 2
LIBRARY OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III
THE SOPHIA OF ALL THE SOPHIA OF WISDOMS
AKA
CAROLINE E. KENNEDY - CAROLINA KENNEDIA
JUL 22 2008
RE: ANGELS & DEMONS = EVIDENCE FOR THE BOOK
SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - ANGELS & DEMONS 4
LIBRARY OF SOPHIA OF WISDOM III
THE SOPHIA OF ALL THE SOPHIA OF WISDOMS
AKA
CAROLINE E. KENNEDY - CAROLINA KENNEDIA
JUL 22 2008
RE: ANGELS & DEMONS = EVIDENCE FOR THE BOOK
SEE LINK FOR MERCURY AND PLUTO OUT OF BALANCE http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html
Galileo: the Telescope &
the Laws of Dynamics
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was a pivotal figure in the development of modern astronomy, both because of his contributions
directly to astronomy, and because of his work in physics and its relation to astronomy. He provided the crucial observations
that proved the Copernican hypothesis, and also laid the foundations for a correct understanding of how objects moved on the
surface of the earth (dynamics) and of gravity.
Newton, who was born the same year that Galileo died, would build on Galileo's ideas to demonstrate that the
laws of motion in the heavens and the laws of motion on the earth were one and the same. Thus, Galileo began and Newton completed
a synthesis of astronomy and physics in which the former was recognized as but a particular example of the latter, and that
would banish the notions of Aristotle almost completely from both.
One could, with considerable justification, view Galileo as the father both of modern astronomy and
of modern physics.
The Telescope
Galileo did not invent the telescope (Dutch spectacle makers receive that credit), but he was the first to use the telescope to study the heavens systematically.
His little telescope was poorer than even a cheap modern amateur telescope, but what he observed in the heavens rocked the
very foundations of Aristotle's universe and the theological-philosophical worldview that it supported. It is said that what
Galileo saw was so disturbing for some officials of the Church that they refused to even look through his telescope; they
reasoned that the Devil was capable of making anything appear in the telescope, so it was best not to look through it.
***NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THE CHURCH KNEW THAT IT WAS THE MOTHER'S OF DARKNESS FLYING
AROUND AND DIDN'T WANT TO LOOK AND THEY HAD TO STOP GALILEO OR ELSE THEY WOULD HURT PEOPLE
AND
FOR HIS BRAVERY HE WILL RECEIVE KNIGHT AND SAINT HOOD
Sunspots
 Galileo observed the Sun through his telescope and saw that the Sun had dark patches on it that we now call sunspots (he eventually went blind, perhaps from damage suffered by looking at the Sun with his telescope). Furthermore,
he observed motion of the sunspots indicating that the Sun was rotating on an axis. These "blemishes" on the Sun were contrary
to the doctrine of an unchanging perfect substance in the heavens, and the rotation of the Sun made it less strange that the
Earth might rotate on an axis too, as required in the Copernican model. Both represented new facts that were unknown to Aristotle
and Ptolemy.
***NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THE MOTHER'S OF DARKNESS WERE THE SUNSPOTS AND THEY MADE THEM
SELVES THAT BIG WITH MY MAGIC FOR THEIR JOY RIDES
The Moons of Jupiter
 Galileo observed 4 points of light that changed their positions with time around the planet Jupiter. He concluded that these
were objects in orbit around Jupiter. Indeed, they were the 4 brightest moons of Jupiter, which are now commonly called the
Galilean moons (Galileo himself called them the Medicea Siderea---the ``Medician Stars''). Here is an animation based on actual observations of the motion of these moons around Jupiter.
***NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THE MOTHER'S OF DARKNESS THIS WAS THEM TOO AND THEY WANTED ME
AS VENUS TO JOIN THEM BUT I WAS TO FAR AWAY
These observations again showed that there were new things in the heavens that Aristotle and Ptolemy
had known nothing about. Furthermore, they demonstrated that a planet could have moons circling it that would not be left
behind as the planet moved around its orbit. One of the arguments against the Copernican system (and the original heliocentric idea of Aristarchus) had been that if the moon were in orbit around the
Earth and the Earth in orbit around the Sun, the Earth would leave the Moon behind as it moved around its orbit.
The Phases of Venus
Galileo used his telescope to show that Venus went through a complete set of phases, just like the Moon. This observation was among the most important in human history, for it provided
the first conclusive observational proof that was consistent with the Copernican system but not the Ptolemaic system.
The crucial point is the empirical fact that Venus is never very far from the Sun in our sky (see the
earlier discussion of aspects & phases of the inferior planets). Thus, as the following diagrams indicate, in the Ptolemaic system Venus should
always be in crescent phase as viewed from the Earth because as it moves around its epicycle it can never be far from the
direction of the sun (which lies beyond it), but in the Copernican system Venus should exhibit a complete set of phases over
time as viewed from the Earth because it is illuminated from the center of its orbit.
 |
| Phases of Venus in the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems |
It is important to note that this was the first empirical evidence (coming almost a century after Copernicus)
that allowed a definitive test of the two models. Until that point, both the Ptolemaic and Copernican models described the
available data. The primary attraction of the Copernican system was that it described the data in a simpler fashion,
but here finally was conclusive evidence that not only was the Ptolemaic universe more complicated, it also was incorrect.
Myriad Observations Showing Phenomena Unknown to Aristotle
In addition to the observations noted above, Galileo made many other observations that undermined
the authority on which the Ptolemaic universe was built. Some of these included
- Showing that the planets were disks, not points of light, as seen through the telescope.
- Showing that the great "cloud" called the Milky Way (which we now know to be the disk of our spiral
galaxy) was composed of enormous numbers of stars that had not been seen before.
- Observing that the planet Saturn had "ears". We now know that Galileo was observing the rings of Saturn,
but his telescope was not good enough to show them as more than extensions on either side of the planet.
***NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - THE MOTHER'S OF DARKNESS - YES THE PLANET HAD EARS BUT THEY BLEW
THEM UP AND THIS CREATED THE RINGS THAT WERE SEEN BEFORE
SEE ATMOSPHERE WHERE THEY MADE A FLYING EARING AID YES THIS REALLY DID HAPPEN WITH MY MAGIC
Atmosphere
Artist's conception of the New Horizons spacecraft passing over Pluto, showing its tenuous atmosphere
Pluto's atmosphere consists of a thin envelope of nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide, derived from the ices on its surface.[47] As Pluto moves away from the Sun, its atmosphere gradually freezes and falls to the ground. As it edges closer to the Sun, the temperature of Pluto's
solid surface increases, causing the ices to sublimate into gas. This creates an anti-greenhouse effect; much like sweat cools the body as it evaporates from the surface of the skin, this sublimation has a cooling effect on
the surface of Pluto.
SEE LINK FOR PLUTO http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto
Showing that the Moon was not smooth, as had been assumed, but was covered
by mountains and craters.
As each new wonder was observed, increasing doubt was cast on the prevailing notion that there was
nothing new to be observed in the heavens because they were made from a perfect, unchanging substance. It also raised the
credibility issue: could the authority of Aristotle and Ptolemy be trusted concerning the nature of the Universe if there
were so many things in the Universe about which they had been completely unaware?
****NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - YES THEY WERE UNAWARE BUT THESE MEN WILL RECEIVE KNIGHT &
SAINT AWARDS
Galileo and the Leaning Tower
Galileo made extensive contributions to our understanding of the laws governing the motion of objects.
The famous Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment may be apocryphal. It is likely that Galileo himself did not drop two objects
of very different weight from the tower to prove that (contrary to popular expectations) they would hit the ground at the
same time. However, it is certain that Galileo understood the principle involved, and probably did similar experiments. The
realization that, as we would say in modern terms, the acceleration due to gravity is independent of the weight of an object
was important to the formulation of a theory of gravitation by Newton. Here is an animation of experiments with inclined planes that Galileo probably did to confirm these ideas, and here is a page
with some MPEG film clips illustrating the same ideas. Here are additional MPEG filmclips illustrating Galileo's experiments concerning the motion of projectiles in a gravitational field.
Galileo and the Concept of Inertia
Perhaps Galileo's greatest contribution to physics was his formulation of the concept of inertia:
an object in a state of motion possesses an ``inertia'' that causes it to remain in that state of motion unless an external
force acts on it. In order to arrive at this conclusion, which will form the cornerstone of Newton's laws of motion (indeed, it will become Newton's First Law of Motion), Galileo had to abstract from what he, and everyone
else, saw.
Most objects in a state of motion do NOT remain in that state of motion. For example, a block of wood
pushed at constant speed across a table quickly comes to rest when we stop pushing. Thus, Aristotle held that objects at rest
remained at rest unless a force acted on them, but that objects in motion did not remain in motion unless a force acted constantly
on them. Galileo, by virtue of a series of experiments (many with objects sliding down inclined planes), realized that the
analysis of Aristotle was incorrect because it failed to account properly for a hidden force: the frictional force
between the surface and the object.
 Thus, as we push the block of wood across the table, there are two opposing forces that act: the force associated with the
push, and a force that is associated with the friction and that acts in the opposite direction. Galileo realized that as the
frictional forces were decreased (for example, by placing oil on the table) the object would move further and further before
stopping. From this he abstracted a basic form of the law of inertia: if the frictional forces could be reduced to exactly
zero (not possible in a realistic experiment, but it can be approximated to high precision) an object pushed at constant speed
across a frictionless surface of infinite extent will continue at that speed forever after we stop pushing, unless a new force
acts on it at a later time.
Galileo and the Church
Galileo's challenge of the Church's authority through his assault on the Aristotelian conception
of the Universe eventually got him into deep trouble with the Inquisition. Late in his life he was forced to recant publicly his Copernican views and spent his last years essentially under house arrest. His story certainly constitutes
one of the sadder examples of the conflict between the scientific method and "science" based on unquestioned authority. Unfortunately,
there still are many forces in modern society that would shackle the scientific method of open enquiry in idealogical chains
of one kind or another.
References
SEE LINK FOR GALILEO http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/galileo.html
Velocity and Acceleration
Let us now give a precise definition of velocity and acceleration. They are vectors, so we must give
a magnitude and a direction for them. The velocity v and the acceleration a are defined in the following
illustration,
This illustration also demonstrates graphically that velocity (and therefore acceleration) is a vector:
the direction of the rock's velocity is certainly of critical interest to the person standing under the rock in the two illustrations!
Uniform Circular Motion is Accelerated Motion
 Notice that velocity, which is a vector, is changed if either its magnitude or its direction is changed. Thus, acceleration
occurs when either the magnitude or direction of the velocity (or both) are altered.
***NOTES FROM SOPHIA OF WISDOM III - AU THE UNIVERSE WHEN FIRST MADE HAD OXGEN AND THIS MEANS
THERE IS GRAVITY IN SPACE
BUT IF THE SKY IS BLACK THAT MEANS THERE IS NO OXGEN AND THERE IS ONLY BLACK MATTER
DARK OR BLACK MATTER IS LIKE THE STUFFING IN A PILLOW
THAT HOLDS THE OXGEN
In particular, notice from the adjacent image that circular motion (even at uniform angular velocity)
implies a continual acceleration, because the direction of the velocity (indicated by the direction of the arrow)
is continuously changing, even if its magnitude (indicated by the length of the arrow) is constant. This point, that motion
on a curved path is accelerated motion, will prove crucial to our subsequent understanding of motion in gravitational fields.
How Many Accelerators Does Your Car Have?
Be aware that in popular speech acceleration is assumed to be an increase in the magnitude
of the velocity. As we have just seen, acceleration also occurs when the direction of the velocity is changed, even if the
magnitude is constant; furthermore, in physics a decrease in the velocity is just as much an acceleration as an increase.
Thus, your car actually has at least 3 accelerators: (1) the foot pedal called the "accelerator", that changes the
magnitude of the velocity, (2) the brake, which also changes the magnitude of the velocity, and (3) the steering wheel, which
changes the direction of the velocity!
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